Luke Tunnard (†1926) and Shuichiro Nakao (Graduate School of Language and Culture – Osaka University)
This work is a vocabulary of Bangala, a Bobangi-based pidgin and historically a sister to Lingala, as spoken in the southwestern South Sudan (and the northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo) around the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century. This original vocabulary, handwritten on a copy of Madan (1905) now kept at Makerere University Library (Kampala, Uganda) was collected by Major Luke Tunnard (†1926), a British soldier who was appointed to serve in colonial South Sudan during the First World War, but has left unpublished for a century. This vocabulary, however, is a largest vocabulary of Bangala as recorded on the South Sudanese side, and as such represents an important contribution to the study of this hitherto less studied pidgin.
本稿は19世紀末から20世紀初頭にかけて南スーダン南西部 (・コンゴ民主共和国北東部) で話されたボバンギ語ピジン (かつリンガラ語の姉妹言語)
であるバンガラ語 (Bangala)
語彙集である。この語彙集の収集者であるルーク・タナード氏 (†1926) は第一次世界大戦期南スーダンにて植民地統治に当たっていたイギリス人軍人である。Madan (1905) に直接書き込まれる形で遺された彼の手による本語彙集は、一世紀の間、出版されることなくウガンダ・マケレレ大学図書館に所蔵されてきた。しかし、このバンガラ語語彙集はかつて南スーダンで記録されたものとしては最大であり、この未解明の言語の研究にとって貴重なデータを提示するものである。
Shokol de mufradat ta Bangala, pidgin al asas tou Bobangi (al hasab tarik indi ilaka ma Lingala), al kan gi wonusu fi junub sherik Junub Sudan wu junub samal Jumhuriya Kongo al Dimokratiya hawula nihayat ta karan al 19 wu bidayat ta karan al 20. Mufradat orijinol del, katifu be ida fi sura ta kitab ta Madan (1905) al asa gi hafisu fi maktaba ta Jama Makerere (Kampala, Uganda). Kan limu limu mufradat del ma Bimbashi/Rayid Luke Tunnard (1926), askeri Britani al kan ayinu ashan bi kadim fi Junub Sudan ta zaman istimar fi zaman harb al alamiya al ula lakin sibu bidun ma bi tabau umon muda wahid karan. Mufradat del akbar mufradat ta Bangala al hasil sejilu fi jiha ta Junub Sudan, ashan kida umon gi mesil tabara kebir le bahas ta pidgin al gubal zaman de kan ma bahisu ketir de.
<1>
A copy of Arthur Cornwallis Madan’s An outline dictionary intended as an aid in the study of the languages of the Bantu (African) and other uncivilized races (Madan 1905) kept at the Main Library of Makerere University (Call Number: AF 496.3827-3 MAD) contains handwritten vocabularies of Bangala, Dinka (Western Nilotic), and to a lesser extent, Pojulu (Eastern Nilotic) collected by its original possessor, late Major Luke Tunnard (†1926) of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, when he was stationed in South Sudan at the service of Sudan Government Service during the First World War[1]. This edition is based on its photocopy obtained by Shuichiro Nakao on his fieldwork in Kampala, September 2015[2].
<2>
Bangala is a Bantu (especially Bobangi)-based contact language historically related to Lingala, which seems to have been a widely spoken lingua franca in the Uele regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo as well as its adjacent areas in the Republic of South Sudan (now parts of Equatoria regions) since the end of the 19th century (Edema 1994, Meeuwis forthcoming). After the border rectifications between the Belgian Congo and (then) Sudan, the status of Bangala as a lingua franca was taken over by an Arabic-based pidgin (now called Juba Arabic) by the end of the 1920s (Sudan Government 1928)[3]. Despite its relatively short period of existence on the South Sudanese side, there are a few published materials of Bangala collected in South Sudan, such as Wtterwulghe (1899), by a Belgian officer of the Force Publique, and MacKenzie (1910), by a British officer of the Royal Army Medical Corps, in addition to a short list contained in Stigand (1923) by a British officer and administrator who served in South Sudan[4]. Compared to these works, Tunnard’s unpublished vocabulary provides by far the richest (English) entries and therefore is an indispensable data to the study of Bangala.
<3>
This vocabulary is meant to be a faithful
transcription of Tunnard’s handwritings, which are
given in boldface, while the English entries given by Madan (1905) are given in
plain characters. Although it appears that his use of the apostrophe before a
word-initial consonant clusters (mainly pre-nasalization and double
articulation, see his orthographic notes) is redundant and his prosodic
(perhaps tone or ‘accent’) markings are not justified or fully consistent,
these are left unchanged. A few of his prosodic markings have a flat form (e.g.
Mōko ‘a, an’) while most others have a
diagonal form (e.g. Móko ‘one’), but these are
unified as an acute accent in this edition. Modifications are indicated by a strike-through
(e.g. ’Mpepi Mapepi ‘air’)
instead of retaining the original way of marking (e.g. ’Mª̭pepi). Ditto
marks (") are
replaced by full repetitions of the words or phrases. Apparent mistakes are
marked by [sic]. The English
entries and abbreviations for word classes follows Madan (1905)’s[5].
The abbreviations do not always meet the expected word class. English entries
for which Tunnard does not fill a Bangala
word are deleted, unless one of its sub-entries is filled.
<4>
á for the sound of a in fáther
é for the sound of é in french donné
í for the sound of ee
in feet
ó for the sound of ow in flow or o in go
ú for the sound of oo in root
a͡ɩ for the sound of i in mile
o͡ɩ for the sound of oi in oil
<5>
p and f are often not distinguished
’m represents a sound resembling um
’n represents a sound resembling in
There is a sound which is written gb which has a resemblance to the sound igb,
also a sound ig which is written ng.
A gb sound is
pronounced as written without … stress on the g, the word will be understood …[7]
<6>
<7>
A, An, a. Móko
Abandon, v. Atiki
be Able, v. Aíbi
Abode, n. ’Ndako
Aborigines, n. Basinji
Abound, v. Aji
mingi
About, ad. prep. ——
(around). Pembeni
(nearly). Kwanja
(as to). Na
Above, ad. prep. ——
(of place). Nalikuro
Abscess, n. Mbóma
na ’njota
be Absent, v. Aji
té
Abstain, v. Atiki
Abundant, a. Mingi
Abuse, v. ——
(revile). Atukáni
Accompany, v. Aki
na
Account, n. ——
(narrative). Kula
Across, ad.
prep. ——
(be, place, or go
across). Aliki
Act, n. Kusála
Act, v. Asáli
Add, v. Atangi
Adder, n. Nióka
be Adjacent, v. Aji peni-peni
Adjust, v. Asáli malámo
Adult, a. Batu mukuru
Adulterer, n. Batu na kusíba
Adultery, n. Kusíba
Advance, v. ——
(progress). Atambuli
Affair, n. Kula
be Afraid, v. Abangi
After, ad. prep.
conj. ——
(of time). Nasima
(of place). Nasima
Afternoon, n. Nasima na móni nalikuro
Afterwards, ad. Nasima
Again, ad. Mokulu musúsu
Agree, v. ——
(be alike). Aji pila móko
Agriculture, n. Kusála na nyeli
Air, n. ’Mpepi Mapepi
Alight, v. Aki
na nyeli
Alike, a. Pila
móko
Alive, a. Akúfi té
All, a. Nyoso
Allot, v. Apesi
Almost, ad. Kwanja
Alone, a. Móko
Aloud, ad. Makasi
Already, ad. Sasípi
Also, ad. Pila
móko
Alter, v. Apasi
Altogether, ad. ——
(wholly). Nyoso
Always, ad. Mokulu nyoso
Ammunition, n. Rosási
Among, prep. Katikati na
Amputate, v. Akati
Amuse, v. Asali asiki
Amusement, n. Kusika
Ancient, a. Na
kala kala
And, conj. Na
Anecdote, n. Tóli
be Angry,
v. Sopo aji mábé
Animal, n. Nyáma
Ankle, n. Magóro
Anklet, n. Pinda
Announce, v. Alúbi
Annoy, v. Asáli sopo mábé
Annual, a. Na karanga nyoso
Another, a. Musúsu
Ant, n. Banjo
Ant white Bakwa
Antiquated, a. Na
kala kala
Approach, v. Abi
Arab, n. Kotoría
Arm, n. ——
(limb). Mabóko
Armlet, n. Pinda
Arrive, v. Akúmi
Arrow, n. ’Ngwanja
Artery, n. Kamba na njota
As, conj. ——
(like, since,
when, &c.).
Soko (when)
Pila moko (like)
Zambé na (since)
Ascend, v. Aki nalikuro
Ash, Ashes,
n. Liburo na móto.
Máfi na móto
Ask, v. ——
(question). Alúbi
be Asleep, v. Asiri aláli
(fall asleep). Aláli
Assemble, v. Abi na sika móko
Assent, n., v. Andimi (to nod)
At, prep. Na
Attack, n., v. Túmba. Asáli túmba
Attend, v. ——
(pay attention). Aóki
Await, v. Alambíri. Atikari
be Awake, v. Asiri aláli
be Aware, v. Aíbi
Axe, n. Gbono
<8>
Babble, v., n. ——
(talk nonsense). Alúbi
pamba
Baby, n. Matóto móké
Back, n. ——
(of body). Magongo
(back part). Magongo
Back, ad. Nasima
Backbone, n. Pembi na magongo
Backward, ad.,
a. Nasima
Bad, a. Mábé
(go bad). Apuri
Badly, ad. Mábé
Bag, n. Liketi
Baggage, n. Bolóko
Bake, v. Asáli mápa
Bald, a. Myáni aji té
Ball, n. Kundi
Bamboo, n. ’Nganji
Banana, n. ’Mbógo
Band, n. ——
(for binding). Kamba
Bang, v., n. Apíki
Banish, v. Afukusi
Banjo, n. Rabába
Bank, n. ——
(of river, &c.). Limbongo
Banner, n. Bendári
Bar, n. ——
(of wood, iron, &c.). Ndíti mbíli
Bark, n. Potu
na ndíti
Barren, a. ——
(of female). Abúti
té
Base, n. ——
(lower part). Tongbu
Basin, n. Sáni
Basket, n. Kitanga
Bat, n. ’Ndíti
Bathe, v. Asukuli na meliba
Be, v. Aji. Azázi
Beam, n. ——
(of wood). ’Nditi
Bear, v. ——
(carry). Akamati
(produce). Abúti
Beard, n. Mandif
Bearer, n. Batu
na sandúki
Beast, n. Nyáma
Beat, v. ——
(strike). Apíki
Because, v. Zambé na
Beckon, v. Abingi na mabóko
Become, v. Abia
Bed, Bedstead,
n. Béto
Bedding, n. ’Ngombé na béto
Bee, n. ’Ndeki na ’njo͡ɩ
Bee hive, n. ’Ndako
na ’njo͡ɩ
Beer, n. Mesanga
Before, ad.,
prep., conj. Nalibuso
on Behalf of,
prep. Zambé na
Behind, ad.,
prep. Nasima
Belly, n. Sopo
Belong, n. Aji na
Below, ad.,
prep. Nasé
Belt, n. Kamba
na gúgú
Bench, n. Kiti
Bend, v., n. Agúmbi
Beneath, ad.,
prep. Nasé
Bent, a. Asiri agúmbi
Bequeath, v. Apesi
Beside, ad., prep. ——
(by side of). Na ’ngambo na. Na pa͡ɩ na
(in addition to). Pila moko
Between, ad.,
prep. Katikati na
Bewail, v. Agámi
Beyond, ad.,
prep. Na magongo na
Big, a. Mukuru
Bind, v. Akangi
Bird, n. ’Ndeki
Bit, n. ——
(of bridle). ’Mbíli na kamba (na dongi)
(small piece). Kipandi
Bite, v., n. Akati na pembi
Black, a. Bépi
Blacksmith, n. Batu
na kupíka ’mbíli
Blade, n. ——
(of sword, &c.). Pembi
Blanket, n. Blanketi
Bleed, v. ——
(nt., act.). Makira akími
(act.) Alanguli makira (nt.)
Blind, a., v. Misu amini té
Blood, n. Makira
Blood-vessel, n.
Kamba na njota
Blow, v. Asáli mpepi
Blue, a. Bépi
Blunder, v., n. Asáli nymolo
Blunt, a., v. Apeli té
Board, n. ——
(plank). Ndíti
(daily food). Bolóko.
Poso.
Boat, n. Kolumba
Boil, n. ’Mbóma
na njota
Boil, v. Alambi
Bold, a. Matima
makasi
Bolt, n. Néri
Bone, n. Pembi
Book, n. Waraga
Boot, n. Kitála
Both, a. Mibáli
Bottle, n. Melangi
Bottom, n. Tongbu
Bound, v., n. ——
(leap). Aki nalikuro
Bow, n. ——
(weapon). Danga
Bow, v. ——
(bend down). Agúmbáni
Bowels, n. Sopo
Bowl, n. Sáni
Box, n. Sandúki
Boy, n. Matóto molúmi
Bracelet, n. Pinda
Brave, a. Matima makasi
Brawl, n., v. Asáli keleli
Bread, n. Mápa
Break, v. Akati
Breakfast, n. Bolóko na kesikesi
Breast, n. Mábeli
Breath, n. ’Mapepi Mapepi
Breathe, v. Aspali ’mapepi
mapepi
Breed, v., n. Abúti
Breeze, n. ’Mapepi Mapepi
Brew, v. Asáli
mesanga
Brick, n. Brúki
Bridle, n. Kamba
na dongi
Brim, n. Monoko
Bring, v. Abi
na
Bring about (forth, up, out, in, &c.). Abúti (bring forth)
Brink, n. Monoko
Bristle, n., v. Myani
Broad, a. Mukuru
Broil, v. Alambi
be Broken, v. Asiri akati
Brook, n. Meliba
Broom, n. Kombo
Broth, n. Súpu
Brother, n. ’Ndeko
Brown, a. Bagbama
Brush, v., n. Boloso. Asáli na ....
Brushwood, n. ’Ndíti móké
Bucket, n. Katíni
Bugle, n. Gonga
Build, v. Asáli ’ndako
Bull, n. Bugara molúmi
Bullet, n. Rosási
Bullock, n. Bugara
Bun, n. Mápa
Bury, v. Ati
na nyeli
Bush, n. ’Ndíti móké
“The Bush” Zamba
Business, n. Kusála
But, conj. Soko
Butt, n. ——
(thick end). Tongbu
Buttock, n. Tongbu
Button, n. Kifonga
Buy, v. Asúmbi
Buyer, n. Batu na kusúmba
By, ad., prep. ——
(beside, near). ’Ngambo. Na pa͡ɩ na
(by means of). Na
Byway, n. ’Njera móké
<9>
Cackle, v. Agámi
Cake, n. Gáto
Calabash, n. ’Ndukulu
Calculate, v. Atangi
Caldron, n. Kaseróni
Calf, n. ——
(of cow). Matóto
na bugara
(of leg) Magóro
Calico, n. ’Ngombé
Call, v. ——
(summon). Abingi
(visit). Abi na
kumina
(name). Apesi komba
Calm, n., v. Bí
be Calm. Atikari
bí
Camp, n., v. Táya
Can, v. Aíbi
Can, n. ’Mbrígi
Canal, n. Meliba
Candle, n. Búzé
Candlestick, n. Tála
Cane, n. ’Nganji
Canoe, n. Kolumba
Cap, n. Taribúsi
be Capable, v. Aíbi
Capital, n. ——
(chief town). Matanga
Captive, n. Batu
na kamba
Capture, n. Akamati
Carpenter, n. Kapinda
Carriage, n. Masúa
Carrier, n. Batu
na sandúki
Carry, v. Akamati
Cart, n. Masúa
Cartridge, n. Rosási
Carve, v. Akati
Case, n. ——
(affair). Kula
(box). Sandúki
Cash, n. Paláta
Cast, v. Atúpi
Cat, n. Pusipus
Catch, v. Akamati
Cattle, n. Bugara
Cause, v., n. Zambé. Asáli
Cease, v. Asiri
Cell, n. ’Ndako na kamba
Centre, n. Katikati
Certain, a. ——
(particular). Móko
Chain, n., v. Kamba na ’mbili
Chair, n. Kiti
Change, n., v.
(act., nt.). Apasi
Charcoal, n. Makala
Charm, n., v. ——
(of magic). Dówa
Cheat, v., n. Asáli myeli
Cheek, n. Mutama
Cheer, v., n. ——
(gladden). Asáli
sopo malámo
be Cheerful, v. Sopo aji malámo
Chest, n. ——
(breast). Pánji
(box). Sandúki
Chew, v. Akati
na pembi
Chicken, n. Koko
Chief, n., a. Makóto
Child, n. Matóto
Chip, n., v. Akati
Chisel, n. ’Mbíli
Choice, n., a. Kulinga
Choke, v. Akangáni na kingo
Choose, v. Alingi
Chop, v. Akati
City, n. Matanga
Civilian
employed by govt. Tereba͡ɩ
Clan, n. ’Mbóka
Clap, v., n. ——
Clap the hands. Apíki
mabóko
Clasp, v., n. Akamati
Claw, v., n. Akati na manzaka
Clean, a. Malámo
Clean, v. Asukuli
Clear, a., v. ——
(unoccupied). Pamba
Clever, a. Malámo
Cliff, n. Libógo
Climb, v. Aki nalikuro
Clock, n. Sá
Close, a., ad. Penipeni
Close, v. Akangi
Cloth, n. ’Ngombé
Clothe, v. Akangi ’ngombé
be Clothed, v. Aji na .... ’ngombé
Clothes,
Clothing, n. ’Ngombé
Cloud, n. Kilima
Club, n.
(stick). ’Ndíti
Coat, n. Kóti
Cock, n. Koko
Coffee, n. Kówa
Cohabit, v. Alali na
Coil, n., v. Akangi
Coin, n. Paláta
Cold, n., a. Píu
malili
Collar, n. Kingo na kóti
Collect, v. Ati sika móko
Comb, v., n. Kisanára
Come, v. Abi
Come to pass. Abia
Come from. Abi na
Come near. Abi peni
peni
Come back. Afutuki.
Abuláni
Come before. Abi nalibuso
Come after. Abi nasima
Come down. Abi nasé
Come together. Abi sika móko
Come out. Abi nakunji
be Comfortable,
v. Sopo aji malámo
Commit, v. ——
(entrust). Apesi
(do). Asáli
Common, a. ——
(abundant). Mingi
Companion, n. ’Ndeko
Complete, a., v. Asiri .. malámo
Conceal, v. Abúmbi
Concealment, n. Kubúmba
Concerning,
prep. Na
Conduct, v. Aki
na
Connect, v. Akangi
be Conscious, v.
——
(aware). Aíbi
Consent, v., n. Andimi
Considerable, a.
Mingi
Construct, v. Asáli
Consume, v. Alili
Consumption, n. Kulila
Contain, v. Aji na sopo na
be Contended, v.
Sopo aji malámo
Contents, n. Bolóko na sopo
Contract, n., v. ——
(become less). Abia
móké
Contribute, v. Apesi
Conversation, n.
Kúla
Converse, v. Alúbi
Convey, v. Aki na
Cook, v. n. Alambi. Kuku
Cooking-pot, n. Kaseróni
Cool, a. Píu
become Cool. Abia píu
make Cool. Asali
na píu
Coop, n. ’Ndako na koko
Copulate, v. Aláli na
Copy, v., n. Asáli
pila móko
Cord, n., v. Kamba
Cork, n., v. Monoko
Corner, n. Babunda
be Corpulent, v.
Aji mafúta mingi
Correct, a., v. Malámo
Cost, n., v. Kusumba
Cottage, n. ’Ndako
Couch, n. Béto
Cough, v., n. Ako
Count, v. Atangi
be Courageous,
v. Abangi té
Cover, v. Ati nalikuro
Cow, n. Bugara
Coward, n. Batu
na kubanga
Cowardice, n. Kubanga
be Crazy, v. Aji libóma
Create, v. Asáli
Creek, n. Meliba
be Crooked, v. Alima
té
Cross, v. ——
(go across). Aliki
(be across) Aliki
be Cross, v. Sopo aji mábé
Crumbs, n. Sima na mápa
Cry, v. ——
(utter a cry). Agámi
(shed tears). Agámi
Cry, n. ——
(of joy, grief, &c.). Kugáma
(of animals, &c.). Kugáma
Cub, n. Matóto
Cubit, n. Mabóko
Cultivate, v. Asali na nyeli
Cultivation, n. Kusála na nyeli
Cultivator, n. Batu na kusála ect.[8]
be Cunning, v. Aji
Cup, n. Kopo
Cup, v. Alanguli
makira
Cure, v. ——
(of disease). Alanguli
na malála
Curse, v., n. Atukáni
Cut, v. Akati
Cut hair. Akati myáni na mótu
<10>
Dagger, n. ’Mbíli
Daily, ad., a. Mokulu nyoso
Damp, n., a. Bédi
Dance, n., v. Yangu
Dandy, n. Lipómbo
Dark, a. Bútu
be Dark. Aji na bútu. Bútu aji
get Dark. Abia na bútu. Bútu abia
Darkness, n. Bútu
Daughter, n. Matóto makáli
Dawn, n. Tongu
Dawn, v. Móni abími
Day, n. Mokulu
Daylight, n. Moni
Dead, a. Asiri akúfi
Deaf, a. Aóki
malámo té
Decay, v., n. Akaóki
Deceit, n. Myeli
Deceive, v. Asáli myeli
Declare, v. Alúbi
Decrease, v. Abia móki
Deep, a. Mula͡ɩ
Delay, n., v. Atikari
be Delirious, v.
Alúbi pamba
Deliver, v. ——
(hand over). Apesi
Demon, n. Likondu
Den, n. ’Ndako
Depart, v. Aki
Deposit, v., n. Ati
be Depressed, v.
Sopo aji mábé
Descend, v. Aki nasé
Desert, v. Akími
Desire, v., n. Alingi
Destroy, v. Abonguli
Detect, v. Akúti
Deter, v. Atiki
Devil, n. Likondu
Dew, n. Meliba
na myáni
Dialect, n. Monoko
Die, v. Akúfi
Differ, v. ——
(be different). Aji
gúdi
Dig, v. ——
Dig a hole. Akati libádo
Diminish, v. Asáli móké
Direction, n. ——
(way). Pa͡ɩ
Dirty, a. Mábé
Discover, v. Akúti
Disease, n. Kubíla maláli
Disembowel, v. Alanguli sopo
Disentangle, v. Alanguli
Dish, n. Sáni
Dislike, v., n.
Alingi té
Dislocate, v. Akati
Dismount, v. Aki na nyeli
Disperse, v. Afukusi
Distant, a. Kónakóna
Distribute, v. Apesi
Ditch, n. Libádo
Divide, v. Alanguli na katikati
Do, v. ——
(of acts generally). Asáli
(be sufficient). Asiri
Doctor, n., v. Maganga
Dog, n. Bogbo
Donkey, n. Dongi
Door, n. Monoko na n’dako [sic]
Doorway, n. Monoko na ’ndako
Double, a., v. Mibáli
Down, ad. Nasé
Doze, v. Aláli
Drag, v. Abindi
Draw, v. ——
(drag). Abindi
Draw water. Asáli
’mpepi mapepi
Dream, v., n. Arúti. Kurúta
Dress, n. ’Ngombé
Dreass, v. ——
(put on clothes). Akangi
’ngombé
Drink, v., n. Alili
be Drinkable, v.
Aji na kulila
Drive, v. Afukusi
Drive a nail. Apiki
néri
Drive off (away). Afukusi
Drive a cart. Afukusi
Droop, v. Agúmbáni na nyeli
Drop, v., n. ——
(as water). Aki na
nyeli
(fall, let fall). Asáli aki na nyeli
Drown, v. Akúfi na meliba
be Drowsy, v. Alingi aláli
Drug, n., v. Dáwa
Drum, n., v. ’Ndíma
be Drunk,
v. Akúfi na mesanga
Dry, a. Akaóki
Dry season. Karanga
Duck, n. Kanár
Dumb, a. Alúbi
té
Dung, n. Máfi
be Durable, v. Aji makasi
Dusk, n. Bútu
Dust, n. Nyeli
Dust, v. ——
(wipe dust off). Asukuli
Duty, n. Kusála
be Duty of, v. Aji kusála na
Dwarf, n. Tiki-tiki
Dwelling, n.
’Ndako
Dye, n., v. Asáli
begbama ....
<11>
Each, a. Moko nyoso
Ear, n. ——
(of animals, &c.). Matúa
(of corn, &c.). Mótu na vúndé
Earth, n. Nyeli
(land). Nyeli
(soil). Nyeli
(world). Nyeli
nyoso
Earthenware, n. Na
nyeli
Earthquake, n. Kugáma na libógo
Easily, ad. Peti peti
East, n., a. Nalikuro
Eat, v. Alili
be Eatable, v. Aji malámo na kulila
Edge, n. ——
(of a tool). Pembi
(of a river, &c.). Monoko.
Limbongo
Egg, n. Parakondo
Eight, n., a. Moambi
Either, a.,
conj. ——
Either … or. Soko
… soko
Elbow, n. Mabóko
Eleven, n., a. Júmi na móko
Elsewhere, ad. Sika musúsu
be Emaciated, v.
Aji kangi kangi
Embark, v. Aki na kolumba
Embers, n. Liburo na moto
Employ, v. Asáli
Employment, n. Kusála
Empty, a. Pamba
Encamp, v. Asáli táya
Encampment, n. Táya
Enclosure, n. ——
(yard, pen, &c.). ’Gbata
End, n., v. Asiri
Enjoy, v. Alingi
Enjoyment, n. Kulinga
Enlarge, v. Asáli mukuru
Enough, n., a.,
ad., int. ——
be Enough. Akúki.
Asiri
Enrage, v. Asáli sopo mabé
Entangle, v. Akangi
Enter, v. Abi na sopo na
Entirely, ad. Nyoso
Entrails, n. Sopo
Entrance, n. ——
(door, way in). Monoko
Equal, a. Pila móko
Erect, a., v. Alima
Error, n. Nymolo
Escape, v., n. Akimi
Evening, n. Gulo
gulo
Every, a. Nyoso
Everywhere, ad. Sika
nyoso
Evil, n., a. Mábé
Exact, a. Malámo
Excellent, a. Malámo mingi
Exchange, v. Apasi
Excrement, n. Máfi
Execute, n. ——
(put to death). Abonguli
Exist, v. Aji
Expedition, n. ——
(journey, caravan). Kutambula
(for war) Túmba
External, a. Na kunja
Extinguish, v. Abonguli
Eye, n. Misu
Eye-brow, n. Myáni na misu
Eye-lash, n. Myáni na misu
Eye-lid, n. Potu na misu
<12>
Face, n. ’Mbata. ’Ngbata
Fail, v. ——
(come to an end). Asiri
Fall, v. Aki
na nyeli
False, a. Na likúta
Far, ad. Kóna kóna
bid Farewell, v.
Alúbi sanini
Farm, n., v. ’Gbóta
Fast, a., ad. ——
(quick). Nóké
nóké
Fasten, v. Akangi
Fastening, v. Káfonga
Fat, n., a. Mafúta
Father, n. Bapa
Fault, n. Nymolo
commit a Fault. Asáli
nymolo
Fear, v., n. Abangi. Kubanga
Fearless, a. Abangi té
Feather, n. Myáni na ’ndeki
be Feeble, v. Makasi asiri
Feed, v. Apesi bolóko na kulila
Feel, v. ——
Feel ill. Abéli
Fellow, n. ——
(of same kind). Pila móko
(tribe, &c.). ’Ndeko
Female, a. Makáli
Fence, n. ’Gbata
Fetch, v. Abi na
Fetter, n., v. Kamba
Few, a. Mingi té
Fight, v., n. Abúndi. Kubúnda
Fill, v. Atúmisi
have one’s Fill. Asiri
atúmi
Find, v. Akúti
Fine, a. ——
(large, beautiful). Mukuru.
Malámo
(delicate, small). Kangi
kangi. Móké
Finery, n. Lipombo
Finger, n. Manzaka
Finish, v. Asiri
Fire, n., v. Móto
Fire a gun. Apíki
bundúki
set Fire to. Ati móto na
Fire-place, n. Sika na móto
Fire-wood, n. ’Ndíti
be Firm, v. ——
(compact, stable). Aji
makasi
(resolute). Matima
aji makasi
First, a. Móko. Nalibuso
Fish, n. Samaki
Fish-hook, n. Dabána
Fish-trap, n. Kamba na samaki
Fist, n. Manzaka
Five, n., a. Mitáno
Fix, v. ——
(make fast). Akangi
Flag, n. Bendári
Flageolet, n. Musíki
Flank, n. Pa͡ɩ
Flat, a. ——
make Flat. Apémi
Flay, v. Alangúli pótu
Flesh, n. Nyáma
Flight, n. ——
(running away). Kukíma
Fling, v. Atúpi
Flog, v. Apíki
Floor, n. Nyeli
Flour, n. Fúfú
Flourish, v. ——
(grow well). Abími
malámo
Flow, v. Akimi
Flute, n. Musíki
Fly, v. ——
(as a bird, &c.). Akími
(run away). Akími
Fold, v. ——
(of cloth, &c.). Agúmbi
(enclosure). ’Gbata
Follow, v. Aki nasima na ...
be Fond (of), v.
Alingi
Food, n. Bolóko na kulila
Fool, n. Libóma. Elíma
be Foolish, v. Aji libóma
Foot, n. Magóro
For, prep.,
conj. Zambé na
Forearm, n. Maboko
Forefinger, n. Manzaka mibáli
Forefoot, n. Magóro nalibuso
Forehead, n. Mbata. Ngbata
Foreign, a. Na matanga musúsu. Na
’mbóka musúsu
Foremost, a. Nalibuso
Forenoon, n. Nalibuso na móni nalikuro
Forest, n. Zamba
Forge, v. Apiki ’mbíli. Atuti
(make in metal). Asali na ’mbili
Forget, v. Abongi
Fork, n. ——
(instrument). Kányé
Form, v. Asáli
Former, a. Na
kala kala
Fornication, n. Kusíba
commit Fornication. Asíbi
Forsake, v. Atiki
Forward, ad., a.
Nalibuso
Foul, a., v. Mábé
Four, n., a. Mini
Fowl, n. Koko
Fraud, n. Myeli
Frequent, a., v.
Mokulu mingi
Fresh, a. ——
(new, newly got). Na sasípi
be Friendly, v. Aji pila moko ndeko
Frighten, v. Asáli abangi
Frog, n. Bódo
From, prep. ——
(out of). Na
(in consequence of). Zambé
na
Front, n. ——
in Front (of). Nalibuso
Frown, v., n. Akangi misu
Fruit, n. ’Mbóma
Fugitive, n. Batu na kukima
Full, a. ——
be Full. Atúmi
be half Full. Atúmi
na katikati
Full moon. Sanza
mukuru
Full-grown, a. Mukuru
Fun, n. Kusika
Funny, a. Na kusika
Fur, n. Myáni
Furious, a. Sopo aji mábé mingi
Furnace, n. Móto
Furniture, n. Bolóko na ndako
Future, a., n. Nasima
in Future. Mokulu
musúso
<13>
Game, n. ——
(pastime). Kusika
(animals hunted). Nyáma
Gap, n. Monoko
Garden, n. ’Gpóto
Garment, n. ’Ngombé
Gasp, v., n. Akamati
Gate, n. Monoko
Gather, v. ——
(collect). Ati
na sika móko
(pluck). Akamati.
Akati
Get, v. ——
(obtain). Akamati
(become). Abia
(cause). Asáli
Gift, n. Matabís
Girl, n. Matóto makáli
Give, v. Apesi
be Glad, v. Sopo aji malámo
Glass, n. Tála
Looking-glass. Tála tála
Gnaw, v. Akati
na pembi
Go, v. Aki
Go in. Aki na sopo na
Go out. Aki na kanja
Go away. Akími
Go up. Aki nalikuro
Go down. Aki nasé
Go on. Aki nalibuso
Go over. Aliki
Go round. Aki pembeni
Go off. Akimi
Goat, n. Mimi
Good, a. Malámo
be Good for. Aji malámo zambé na
Good-bye, n. Sanini
say Good-bye to. Alúbi
sanini
Good-day, n. Sanini
say Good-day to. Alúbi
sanini
Good humour, n. Sopo malámo
Good-night, n. Sanini
say Good-night to. Alúbi
sanini
Goods, n. Bolóko
Goose, n. Bata
Gorge, n. Kati kati na libógo
Gorge, v. Alili mingi
Government, n. Lita
Governor, n. Comandán
Gradually, ad. Peti peti Pete pete
Grasp, Grip, v. Akamati
Grass, n. Myáni na zamba
Graze, v. ——
(eat grass). Alili
myáni
Grease, n., v. Mafúta
Great, a. Mukuru
Green, a. Bépi
Grey, a. Búbi
Grey hair, n. Myani búbi
Grieve, v. Agámi
Grin, n., v. Asiki
Grind, v. Asáli na libógo
Groan, v., n. Agámi
Ground, n. Nyeli
on the Ground. Na nyeli
Grow, v. ——
(increase). Abími
(become) Abia
Guard, v., n. Sinjepi
Guide, v., n. Batu aminisi ’njera
Gully, n. Kati kati na libógo
Gum, n. ——
(of teeth). Nyáma
na pembi
Gun, n. Bundúki
Gunpowder, n. Barúti
<14>
Hail (stones),
n. Libógo na ’mbúla
Hair, n. Myáni
Half, n. Kati
kati
cut in Half. Akati
na kati kati
Halt, v. Atikari
Halting-place,
n. Sika na kutikara
Hammer, n., v. Apíki na hama. Atuti na hama.
Hand, n. Manzaka
Handkerchief, n.
Kitambala móki
Handle, v. Akamati
Hang. ——
Hang up. Ati
nalikuro
Hang back. Atikari
nasima
Happen, v. Abia
Happy, a. ——
(joyful). Sopo
malámo
Hard, a. ——
(to the touch). Makasi
Harness, n., v. Kamba
na dongi
Hat, n. Taribúsi. Sápo
Hatchet, n. Gbono
Hate, v., n. Alingi té
Haul, v. Abindi
Have, v. Aji na
He, him, pron. Yé
Head, n. Mótu
Heal, v. Asáli malámo
Heap, n., v. Ati
na sika móko
Hear, v. Aóki
Heart, n. Matima
Hearth, n. Sika
na móto
Heaven, n. Lúla
Heavy, a. Molitu
Hedge, n. ’Gbata
Heel, n. Magóro
Hemp, n. Bangi
Hen, n. Koko makáli
Henceforth, a. Nasima
Her, pron., a. Nayé
Here, a. Owa
Hew, v. Akati
Hide, v. Abúmbi
Hide, n. Potu.
Njóta
Hiding-place, n.
Sika na kubúmba
High, a. Mula͡ɩ
High road. Njera mukuru
Hill, n. Libógo. Gangala
Hillock, n. Libógo móké
Himself, pron. Yé mini mini
Hindmost, a. Nasima
His, pron. Nayé
Hit, v. Apíki
Hitherto, ad. Nalibuso
Hoe, n., v. Jíta
Hold, v. Akamati
Hole, n. Libádo
Home, n. ’Ndako
Honey, n. ’Njo͡ɩ
Hoof, n. Magóro
Horn, n. Pembi na mótu
Horse, n. Dongi
Hot, a. Na móto
House, n. ’Ndako
How, ad. Bóni
Howl, v., n. Agámi
Hum, v., n. Agámi
Human, a. Batu
Hundred, n., a. Kama
Hunger, n. ’Nzála
be Hungry, v. Akúfi na ’nzála
Hunt, v. Akábi nyáma
Hunter, n. Batu na nyáma
Hurricane, n. Mpepi makasi
Hurry, v., n. Aki (asáli) nóké nóké
Hush, int. Akangi monoko
Husk, n., v. Potu
Hut, n. ’Ndako
<15>
I, pron. ’Nga͡ɩ
Idiot, n. Libóma
Idle, a. Göi göi[9]
If, conj. Soko
Ill, a. Abíli
Illness, n. Kubíla. Maláli
Imitate, v. Asáli pila móko
Immediately, ad.
Sasípi. Nóké nóké
Imprison, v. Ati na kamba
be Impudent, v. Afúndi
In, prep., ad. Na sopo na
Indian corn, n. Vúndé
India-rubber, n.
Matópi. Kandi
Indoors, ad. Na sopo na ’ndako
Infant, n. Matóto móké
be Infirm, v. Abíli
Inform, v. Alúbi
Information, n. Kula
Inhabit, v. Atikari na
Ink, n. Meliba
na waraga
Inquire, v. Alúbi
Inside, ad. Na sopo na
be Insolent,
v. Afundi
Insolence, n. Kufunda
Intend, v. Alingi
Intestines, n. Sopo
Into, prep. Na sopo na
Iron, n. ’Mbíli
be Irritable, v.
Sopo aji mábé
Island, n. Kisanga
It, pron. Yé
Ivory, n. Pembi na ’mbongo
<16>
Jar, n. Malangi
Jaw, n. Matama
Jigger, n. Tukutuk
Join, v. Akangi
Journey, n., v. Kutambula. Atumbuli
be Joyful, v. Sopo aji malámo
Jug, n. ’Mbrígi
Juice, n. Meliba
Jump, v., n. Aki
nalikuro
Jungle, n. Zamba
Just, a. Malámo
Just, ad. Sasípi
<17>
Keep, v. ——
Keep watch. Atáli
Key, n. Lifongula
Kick, v., n. Apíki
na magóro. Atúti
Kid, n. Matóto na mimi
Kidney, n. Rangyo
Kill, v. Abonguli
Kin, Kindred, n.
’Ndeko
Kind, n. Matindu
a Kind of —. Matindu
na
what Kind of — ? Matindu nini
of a (given) Kind. Pila móko
of a different Kind. Gúdi
Kind, a. Malámo
Kinsman, n. ’Ndeko
Knead, v. Asáli mápa
Knee, n. Kati
kati na magóro
Knife, n. ’Mbíli
Knock, v. Apíki
Know, v. Aíbi
Knuckle, n. Manzaka
<18>
Labour, n. Kusála
Labourer, n. Batu na kusála
Lack, v., n. Aji
na ... te
Lad, n. Matóto
molúmi
Ladder, n. ’Njera na kukinda
Ladle, n. Likeli mukuru
Lake, n. Meliba
be Lame, v. Abukáni
Lament, v. Agámi
Lamentation, n. Kugáma
Lamp, n. Tála
Land, n. Nyeli
Land, v. Aki na nyeli
Language, n. Monoko
bad Language. Kula mábé
Lantern, n. Tála
Lap, v. Alili
meliba
Large, a. Mukuru
Lash, v., n. Apiki. Finbu
Last, a. Nasima
Last night. Bútu
na lúbi
Last time. Mokulu
musúsu
be Late, v. Atikari mingi
Lately, ad. Na
sasípi
Laugh, v., n. Asiki. Kusika
Launch, v. Apesi na meliba
Lay, v. ——
Lay eggs. Abúti
parakondo
Lay dawn. Ati na nyeli
Lazy, a. Gói
gói
Lead, v. Abi na
Leaf, n. Myáni
na ’ndíti
be Lean, v. Aji kangi kangi
Leather, n. Potu na nyáma
Leave, v. Atiki
Leave off. Atiki
Left, Left hand,
n., a. Na gós
Leg, n. Magóro
Let, v. ——
Let alone. Atiki
Let fall. Asáli
aki na nyeli
Let go. Atiki
Letter, n. Waraga
Level, a. Apími
be Level. Aji apími
make Level. Asáli apími
Liar, n. Batu na likúta
Lick, v. Adangi
Lid, n. Monoko
Lie, n. Likúta
Lie, v. ——
(tell a lie). Alúbi
likúta
Lie down. Aláli
Lie across. Aliki
Lift, v. Apesi nalikuro
Light, n. ——
Daylight. Móni
Light, a. ——
(in weight). Molitu
té
Light, v. ——
(kindle). Apelisi
móto
Lightening, n. Mogbara. Nyáma nalikuro
Like, conj., a. Pila moko
Like, v. Alingi
Line, n. ——
draw a Line. Asáli ’njera na waraga
Lion, n. Tambwa
Lip, n. Nyáma
na monoko
Listen, v. Aóki
Little, a. Móké
a Little. Móké
Little by little. Móké
móké
Live, v. ——
(exist). Akúfi
té
(dwell). Atikari
Live, a. Akúfi té
Liver, n. Lifwa
Load, v. ——
Load a gun. Ati rosási na sopo na bundúki
Log, n. ’Ndíti
Loiter, v. Atambuli pamba
Long, a., ad. Mula͡ɩ
a Long time ago. Na kala kala mingi
a Long way. ’Njera
mula͡ɩ
Long, v. Alingi
Look, v. Amini
Look at. Amini
Look for. Akabi
Look about. Akábi
pembeni
Look, n. Kumina
Looking-glass,
n. Tála tála
Loose, a. Makasi té
Loose, v. Alanguli
be Lost, v. Akimi
Lot, n. ——
a Lot of. Mingi
Loud, a., ad. Makasi
Low, a. Móké. Mula͡ɩ té
(mean, poor). Pamba
Lower, v. Apesi nasé
Luggage, n. Bolóko
<19>
be Mad, v. Aji libóma
Maggot, n. Dúd
Maize, n. Vúndé
Make, v. Asáli
Male, a. Molúmi
Man, n. Batu
(male). Molúmi
(human being). Batu
Mankind, n. Batu
nyoso
Many, a. Mingi
Market, a. Sika
na kusúmba
Marriage, n. Kusúmba na makáli
Marry, v. Asúmbi makáli
Master, n. Masongu
Matter, n. ——
(affair). Kula
what is the Matter? Kula nini
it does not Matter. Asiri.
Kula aji té
Meanwhile, ad. Sasípi
Measure, n. Kamba
na kumíki [sic][10]
Measure, v. Amíki
Meat, n. Nyáma
Medicine, n. Dáwa
Medicine-man. Kajúr
Meet, v. ——
(fall in with). Akutáni
(come together). Akutáni
Meeting, n. Kukutána
be Melancholy,
v. Sopo aji mábé
Mend, v. Asáli malámo
Mention, v. Alúbi
Merchandise, n. Bolóko na kusúmba
Merchant, n. Gríki
be Merry, v. Sopo aji malámo
Message, n. Kula.
Waraga.
Messenger, n. Batu
na waraga
Metal, n. ’Mbíli
Mid-day, n. Móni nalikuro
Middle, n., a. Kati
kati
Midnight, n. Kati
kati na bútu
Milk, n. Miliki
Milk, v. Alanguli miliki
Millet, Telebún[11], n. Málo
Mimic, n., v. Asáli pila móko
Mind, v. ——
(take to heart). Aóki
Mine, pron. Na
’nga͡ɩ
Miss, v. ——
(fail to hit). Apíki
te
(feel want of). Alingi
Mistake, n., v. Nymolo
Mix, v. Asangáni
Moan, v., n. Agámi
Money, n. Paláta
Monkey, n. Kima
Month, n. Sanza
Moon, n. Sanza
full Moon. Sanza
mukuru
new Moon. Sanza
móké
Moonlight, n. Sanza
Morning, n. Tongu
(dawn). Tongu
(forenoon). Nalibuso na móni nalikuro
Mortar, n. ——
(for building). Poto
poto
Mosquito, n. Gongu
Mosquito net. Tandarua
Mother, n. Mama
Mountain, n. Libógo. Gangála
Mourn, v. Agámi
Mourning, n. Kugáma
Mouth, n. Monoko
Move, v. Alanguli
Mow, v. Akati
Much, a., ad. Mingi
Mud, n. Poto
poto
Murder, v., n. Abonguli